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Like all lightbulbs, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) produce illumination by turning a given amount of electric current into light. LEDs perform this conversion more efficiently than standard incandescent bulbs: According to the U.S. Department of Energy, a typical Energy Star-rated LED uses 20 to 25 percent of the energy that an incandescent bulb uses; the LED lasts up to 25 times longer, too (see References 5). The amount of light a bulb generates can be measured in a unit called lumens. Electrical power is measured in a unit called watts. Due to their methodology of converting electricity into light, LED bulbs feature a higher ratio of lumens to watts than incandescent bulbs.
Lumens
A lumen is a measurement of light directly relevant to human beings. Instead of trying to measure the number of photons or raw radiated energy, the lumen scale describes the amount of light, or brightness, that the human eye perceives. All modern lightbulb packaging shows the number of lumens the bulb produces. An average 100-watt incandescent bulb, for example, produces about 1,600 lumens. (See References 2.)
Watts
A watt is a measurement of electrical power, formally equal to the amount of energy in 1 ampere of current flowing at 1 volt. A lightbulb that is rated at, say, 200 watts uses more electricity to produce light than a bulb rated for 100 watts. The benefit, however, is that the 200-watt bulb produces significantly more light than the lower-rated bulb. The relative efficiency of different lightbulbs can be gauged by comparing how many lumens they produce for every watt of electrical power.
Watts and Lumens in LEDs
LEDs that are bright enough to replace incandescents for household use---that is, producing the same number of lumens as standard 40- or 60-watt bulbs---typically only use 9 to 12 watts. The U.S. Department of Energy advises that consumers who want to replace a 60-watt bulb should look for an LED that produces close to 800 lumens; for a 40-watt bulb, look for 450 lumens (see References 2). As of March 2011, manufacturers were just starting to produce high-powered LEDs for the home. Philips has developed a 60-watt replacement that only uses 12 watts of power (see References 7), while GE has developed a 40-watt replacement that uses only 9 watts of power (see References 4).
Light Quality
Lumens don't describe the quality of the generated light---its color, tone or other variables. Some people find they don't like the light that certain LED bulbs produce, describing it as "cold," "pale" or "dim." The biggest challenge for LED manufacturers is creating bulbs that mimic conventional ones in shape and light quality. As of March 2011, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), which use 25 percent of the energy of standard incandescents, were still more versatile and cost-effective than LEDs (see References 3).
How LEDs Work
When electrical current runs through an LED, the electrons in the current flow into a semiconductor material containing electron "holes"---spaces waiting to be filled with electrons. When the electrons fill those holes, energy is released as photons, or light that is emitted outward, turning the LED into a lightbulb. In contrast, incandescent bulbs generate light from the electrical resistance of a metal filament. The resistance method requires more electrical energy to heat up the filament to a point that it glows and emits light. (See References 6.)
Aaron Ziv has been a writer and photojournalist for 10 years in Washington, D.C., and the Middle East. A student of political science and psychology from the University of Maryland, he also does technical and market analysis for a green technology company. His work has appeared in local newspapers, commissioned research and a patent or two. He began writing professionally in 1998.
Watts measure the amount of energy required to light products, whereas lumens measure the amount of light produced. The more lumens in a light bulb, the brighter the light.
For instance:
FTC's Lumen vs. Watts Chart
40-watt incandescent bulb = 450 lumens
60-watt incandescent bulb = 800 lumens
100-watt incandescent bulb = 1600 lumens
With new light bulbs, shopping by lumens will be more important than shopping by watts when choosing which energy-efficient bulb to purchase.
New Labels
The Federal Trade Commission has worked with manufacturers to develop a new label to help consumers purchasing the energy-saving bulbs. It looks similar to nutrition labels on food and will have more concise information about the bulb’s output and savings (seen in the image on the right). The labels will include:
Brightness (in lumens),
Estimated Yearly Energy Cost,
Life-expectancy of the bulb,
Light appearance and,
Energy used.
Click here for a larger version of this new label breakdown from the NRDC
Manufacturers are also changing the look of their overall packaging to help even more. For instance, the CFL in the photo on the right says the Sylvania Super Saver CFL is a replacement for a 100 watt bulb with a lumen (brightness) output of 1500. The energy used is 24 watts, saving you $60 in energy costs and will last for 7 years. The color is a soft white, which is similar to soft white incandescent bulbs.
Remember, an easy way to compare bulbs is to use the government label, which should appear on all bulbs by January 2012.
There seems to be some confusion about how to tell how bright a light bulb really is. It was easy enough when we all used incandescent lights. You could choose from a 40, 60, 75 or 100 watt bulb, and we all have a rough idea of how bright that will be.
When you begin to get into new lighting solutions like CFLs and LEDs, using the wattage doesn’t work very well any more. Now you have 20 watt CFLs, and 12 watt LEDs and no idea what's going to keep you from going blind while reading. Well, read on and learn how to tell how bright something actually is. Before you lose your eyesight.
Just Look to the Lumens
A Lumen is standard unit of light as it is perceived by the human eye. Essentially, it will tell you how bright something is, unlike a watt, which is actually a measurement of energy consumption or output. The lighting industry has standardized ways that it measures the total emission of light from a product and include it on most packaging. Here’s the lumens from some everyday objects to give you a better idea.
40 watt incandescent = 380 – 460 Lumens
60 watt incandescent = 750 – 850 lumens
75 watt incandescent = 1100 – 1300 lumens
100 watt incandescent = 1700 – 1800 lumens
Direct sunlight = 100,000 lumens.
One of the reason LEDs are so attractive is that with a fraction of the power use (watts) you can get the same amount of light (lumens) as an incandescent.
You can get as many as 110 lumens per watt with an LED bulb. Compare that to an incandescent, which only produces 12-17 lumens per watt. Now that’s some science that can save you money.
How to convert luminous flux in lumens (lm) to electric power in watts (W).
You can calculate watts from lumens and luminous efficacy. Lumen and watt units represent different quantities, so you can't convert lumens to watts.
Lumens to watts calculation formula
The power P in watts (W) is equal to the luminous flux ΦV in lumens (lm), divided by the luminous efficacy η in lumens per watt (lm/W):
P(W) = ΦV(lm) / η(lm/W)
So
watts = lumens / (lumens per watt)
or
W = lm / (lm/W)
Example
What is the power consumption of a lamp that has luminous flux of 900 lumens and luminous efficacy of 15 lumens per watt?
We all know how much light a 60-watt bulb will produce. But the brightness of new CFL and LED lightbulbs are measured in lumens, not watts, so here's a chart to help you do the conversion.
How Much Light Do I Need?
Incandescent Bulbs
WATTS
Minimum Light Output
LUMENS
40
450
60
800
75
>1,100
100
1,600
150
2,600
More info: Lightbulb brightness in general is measured in lumens (not watts). Light bulb manufacturers include this information and the equivalent wattage right on the packaging. Common terms are "soft white 60," "warm light 60," and "60 watt replacement."
To save energy, find the bulbs with the light output you need, and then choose the one with the lowest wattage. You can also look for an ENERGY STAR qualified bulb that is labeled as equivalent to the incandescent bulb you are replacing.
The color of light may also affect how bright a light appears, even if the lumens are the same. Since most people are used to the soft yellowish glow from incandescent light bulbs, ENERGY STAR qualified bulbs that produce light closer to the color of daylight (color temperatures above 3000K) may appear brighter because the color of the light is less yellow.
Lumens are a measure of the perceived power of light -- i.e. of light you can see. Waves of light that are beyond the spectrum visible to the human eye are not included in the lumen.
What is a Watt?
A watt is defined as the amount of power needed to move a one kilogram (2.2 pound) object at a speed of one meter per second against a force of one newton. In simple terms, it is a measure of the amount of energy something either uses or produces. One watt is equal to 1/746 horsepower.
What is the Difference?
Because watts and lumens are measures of different things, there is not necessarily any correlation between them. For example, a conventional light bulb and a compact fluorescent light bulb may put out the same number of lumens, but the conventional bulb will consume three to five times the number of watts needed by the compact fluorescent.
An Increasingly Common Term
Lumens have come into everyday use largely as a result of the government mandate to phase out incandescent light bulbs in favor of compact fluorescents. Because the two types of bulb consume different amounts of power to produce a given amount of light, lumens offer an easier way for consumers to compare the new lightbulbs with the older ones they are replacing.
Origins of the Terms
"Lumen" comes from the Latin word for "light." The "watt," however, is named in honor of James Watt (1736-1819), a Scottish inventor, in recognition of his contributions to the development of the steam engine.
As the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and lighting manufacturers place more information on light bulb packaging, it’s important to learn the difference between watts (the old way of labeling bulbs) and lumens (the new way).
What's a Watt?
Watts measure the amount of power a bulb uses – not how bright it is. So, using watts to describe brightness is like using gallons of fuel to describe how fast a car can go.This practice wasn't a problem as long as we continued to use the more than 100-year-old incandescent bulbs.
The problem: Traditional incandescent light bulbs waste 90% of their electricity to produce heat, and use only 10% to produce light. The solution: energy-efficient bulbs, which use fewer watts to give off the same amount of brightness. As more consumers buy energy-efficient bulbs, labels on bulb packages are using a more accurate measurement of brightness: lumens.
Look for Lumens
Lumens measure the amount of light produced by a bulb. The more lumens in a light bulb, the brighter the light
The FTC’s conversion chart shows how lumen measurements match up to the old wattage amounts (see image on the right).
For example:
40-watt incandescent bulb = 450 lumens
60-watt incandescent bulb = 800 lumens
100-watt incandescent bulb = 1600 lumens
More on Lumens vs. Watts
FTC video: How to look for lumens when buying bulbs
Communications Specialist with the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
For years, I bought light bulbs based on watts, or energy use. Like many light bulb consumers, I looked for a traditional 40, 60, 75, or 100 watt incandescent bulb. Now that stores today carry more and more energy efficient lighting choices, I wanted to replace my old incandescents with new bulbs to save energy and money on my electricity bill. But in shopping for the right bulb, I came across a challenge in looking for bulbs based on watts. Since these newer bulbs use less energy, I found bulbs that use 8, 15, or 26 watts. The wattages are pretty close to each other, but the brightness levels of each of these bulbs can vary a lot! Sound confusing? No worries. Read on, because there is a light at the end of this tunnel (pun intended)…
So, all I wanted to do was to find a light bright enough for my bathroom so I don't get cut shaving in the morning. I realized that the best way to shop for light was to look for the brightness, or lumens, of the bulb, instead of the watts. Lumens tell you how bright a bulb is, and are listed on the bulb packaging. More lumens mean brighter light. When replacing a 60-watt traditional bulb, you should look for a new bulb that gives you about 800 lumens.
The Energy Department has some informative resources to educate consumers on lumens. For example, check out our lumens placard and tip card. Or listen to some of our radio public service announcements. We have recently launched a billboard campaign effort to raise awareness of lumens in Nashville, Tennessee; Atlanta, Georgia; Phoenix, Arizona; Miami, Florida; Denver, Colorado; St. Louis, Missouri; Detroit, Michigan; and Milwaukee, Wisconsin—so be sure to look out for it if you're driving by those cities.
So, the next time you find yourself looking to replace your traditional incandescent with an energy efficient bulb, choose your next light bulb for the brightness you want and look for lumens—the new way to shop for light.
As for me? After looking for lumens instead of watts, I found an LED bulb for my bathroom that was about 800 lumens. The light quality was great for the bathroom, the color was warm white, and my electricity bill has gone down a lot compared to using the traditional incandescent.
A lumen is the perceived intensity of the light, as seen by the human eye. The lumen value is largely determined by the the nature of the light, i.e. the sum of the different wavelengths of the light being transmitted by the particular bulb type.
The standard tungsten wire-filament ('incandescent') bulb radiates a different type of light to a flourescent light.
a 230 V, 40 watt incandescent bulb produces a light (quality) of about 400-500 lumens,
a standard 230 V flourescent lamp of only 7 watts will produce exactly the same value of lumens, i.e. 400-500 lumens.
the cool white XLamp XP-G 3.5 V LED lamp of only 3 watts will produce a similar value of lumens, i.e. 350 lumens. And is safer for the workers that make them and better for the environment. It is currently more expensive, but prices have been dropping about 20% per year.
Therefore LED light bulbs convert electricity into light more efficiently than incandescent or florescent light bulbs.
For more information, See Related links below this box
THE MAGLEV: The Superpowered Magnetic Wind Turbine
Renewable energy produced from the wind has garnered much attention
and support in recent years but is often criticized for its low output
and lack of reliability. But now a super power wind turbine has come
along that may be just what the renewable energy industry needs. The MagLev wind turbine, which was first unveiled at the Wind Power Asia exhibition in Beijing, is expected take wind power technology to the next level with magnetic levitation.
Magnetic levitation is an extremely efficient system for wind energy.
Here’s how it works: the vertically oriented blades of the wind turbine
are suspended in the air above the base of the machine, replacing the
need for ball bearings. The turbine uses “full-permanent” magnets, not
electromagnets — therefore, it does not require electricty to run. The
full-permanent magnet system employs neodymium (“rare earth”) magnets
and there is no energy loss through friction. This also helps reduce
maintenance costs and increases the lifespan of the generator.
Maglev wind turbines have several advantages over conventional wind
turbines. For instance, they’re able to use winds with starting speeds
as low as 1.5 meters per second (m/s). Also, they could operate in winds
exceeding 40 m/s. Currently, the largest conventional wind turbines in
the world produce only five megawatts of power. However, one large
maglev wind turbine could generate one gigawatt of clean power, enough
to supply energy to 750,000 homes. It would also increase generation
capacity by 20% over conventional wind turbines and decrease operational
costs by 50%. If that isn’t enough, the maglev wind turbines will be
operational for about 500 years!
Construction began on the world’s largest production site for maglev
wind turbines in central China on November 5, 2007. Zhongke Hengyuan
Energy Technology has invested 400 million yuan in building this
facility, which will produce maglev wind turbines with capacities
ranging from 400 to 5,000 Watts. In the US, Arizona-based MagLev Wind
Turbine Technologies will be manufacturing these turbines. Headed by
long-time renewable energy researcher Ed Mazur, the company claims that
it will be able to deliver clean power for less than one cent per
kilowatt hour with this new technology. It also points out that building
a single giant maglev wind turbine would reduce construction and
maintenance costs and require much less land than hundreds of
conventional turbines. The estimated cost of building this colossal
structure is $53 million.
Construction
has begun on the world's largest production base for magnetic
levitation (maglev) wind power generators. According to Xinhua,
the base will produce a series of small-scale maglev wind power
generators with capacities ranging from 400 to 5,000 watts in the first
half of 2008.
So, what the heck is a maglev generator? It
improves efficiency by using magnets to reduce friction, meaning that
turbines could turn with winds as low as 1.5 meters per second (m/s),
and cut-in, or energy-producing, speeds of 3 m/s. The chief developer
says this could cut the operational costs of wind farms by up to half,
with an overall cost under 0.4 yuan ($US 5 cents) per killowatt hour.
Earlier this year, an Arizona based company touted a large-scale maglev turbine, but such technology on that scale has yet to be proved.
For
developing countries like China, the technology could be crucial to
bringing wind power to places where it is currently un-utilized and
perhaps too costly to build. For the developed world too, it could make
wind power much cheaper, and wind turbines at home
a more realistic option.The company has also said it could even provide
roadside lighting along highways by utilizing the airflow generated
from passing vehicles (see this idea here).
If licensed to other companies (rather than illegally copied), the technology could help boost China's desperate-to-grow wind power manufacturing industry,
which so far has relied on significant cooperation with foreign
partners like GE, and has been somewhat stymied by the government's pricing schemes.
But wind is booming in China. It has the world's fifth greatest installed capacity, and is set to reach the government's first major wind goal -- 5 gigawatts by 2010 -- this year.
Though
magnets have been used before in pumps and turbines to cut down on the
friction of ball bearings, they have typically been electromagnets,
which require additional power. The technology behind the generators has
not been specified -- obvious concerns about intellectual property in
China abound -- but the company has indicated the system relies on a
permanent magnet system, which needs no external power, and without
which compact DVD and disk drives would not exist.
Many have speculated they use something called Halbach arrays, which help to control the magnetic field. As Jeremy at Worldchanging
noted last year, "any permanent magnet system would doubtless need lots
of Neodymium ("rare earth") magnets, which may have questionable
sustainability when mined in large amounts, but as it happens China is
rich in that element." Indeed, China controls 90% of the world market for rare earth elements.
The
company notes that the generator's efficiency is 20% better than
"traditional" wind turbines. Worldchanging goes on to explain that
The
inefficiency of a normal windmill's drive train (which includes the
gears, shafts, and bearings, everything that moves except the motor and
the turbine blades) is not so terribly big at moderate and high wind
speeds. According to a paper by California Wind Energy Collaborative at
UC Davis, the average wind turbine's drive train is 87-89% efficient
from peak wind speeds down to less than half peak wind speed. However,
below roughly a third of peak wind speed, things go rapidly downhill,
and by about a quarter of peak wind speed, efficiencies are wallowing
sadly in the 30-40% range. The Dutch windmill manufacturer Harakosan
advertises a wind turbine that has 93 - 94% drive train efficiency all
the way from peak wind speed down to a quarter of peak speed.
Either
way, for China's growing wind power industry, the maglev is a huge
step, and one made even bigger by the current rush to take advantage of
China's potential wind power, estimated around 700-1,200 gigawatts.
According to the recently released China Wind Power Report 2007, installed capacity in China could reach 50 GW by 2020, accounting for about 4 percent of total power generation.
Clearly,
this is only a start. But the technology sounds promising, and might
make wind for the home even more attractive. And, with further
investment -- and, ahem, better intellectual property protection -- we
might see it develop, get scaled up, and transform the economics of wind
power.
It's
a vision of a magnetically levitated wind turbine that can generate one
gigawatt of power (enough to power 750,000 homes). This is the device
proposed by a new Arizona-based company, MagLev Wind Turbine Technologies. The company claims that it can deliver clean power for less than one cent per kilowatthour using this wind turbine.
Magnetic
levitation is a very efficient method of capturing wind energy. The
blades of the turbine are suspended on a cushion of air, and the energy
is directed to linear generators with minimal fiction losses. But the
big advantage with maglev is that it reduces maintenance costs, and
increases the lifespan of the generator.
The company also points
out that building a single huge turbine like this reduces construction
and maintenance costs, and it requires less land space than hundreds of
conventional turbines. The company is headed by Ed Mazur, a researcher
of variable renewable energy sources since 1981 and inventor of the
magnetic levitation wind turbine.
There has been speculation that
turbines like these would use "full-permanent" magnets, meaning there
are no electromagnets, only cleverly placed permanent ones (probably Halbach arrays).
NuEnergy
offers a range of sophisticated 21st century wind turbines designed to
capture the wind and more efficiently generate power.
Conventional horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) are based upon 16th
century Dutch science; the common three-bladed HAWT converts less than 1
percent of the available wind. A traditional wind farm consisting of
hundreds of spinning propellers on top of tall poles often creates more
problems than energy. HAWT based wind farms are expensive to install,
operate and maintain, noisy, inefficient in the conversion of wind to
energy and pose dangers to the environment, especially birds. They do
not turn in low winds and often need to be slowed or stopped in high
winds. If a sailing ship was redesigned to replace the sails and
rigging with a propeller attached to the mast, it would never generate
enough power to leave the dock.
The Maglev Vertical Wind Turbine addresses these problems and
provides a more efficient, versatile and elegant method of producing
power from wind. Maglev is short for “magnetically levitated”, meaning
the design incorporates magnets to “float” or suspend system
components. By definition, a maglev system involves
Frictionless levitated operation
Requires no lubricant
Wear-free
Maintenance free
Maglev
is not new technology; it is the basis of the high-speed “Maglev”
trains operating in Europe and Asia. The Maglev uses a magnetically
levitated low-RPM high-torque power output turbine. The spinning turbine
“floats” on a magnetic cushion, just as the high-speed train “floats”
above the railroad tracks.
Configured to capture winds from any direction, the Maglev converts wind to energy at very high efficiencies.
NuEnergy is developing small 2.5kW to 50kW maglev wind turbines for
local disbursed power generation; some units will be capable of roof
mounting.
Working with a technology partner, NuEnergy offers Maglev Power
Plants in sizes from 10MW to 1 GW. The advantages of a maglev wind
power plant over a traditional wind farm are significant.
1 GW Maglev Wind Power Plant
Vs.
500 Traditional 3-blade 2 MW HAWT
Powers 750,000 homes
Vs.
Powers 500,000 homes
Requires less than 100 acres
Vs.
Requires ~ 32,000 acres
Costs ~ $2.5 – 3B
Vs.
Costs ~ $11B
Makes no noise
Vs.
Each turbine sounds like a motorbike
Generates power from wind at low and high speeds
Vs.
Needs higher minimum wind speed to start generating power and needs to be slowed or stopped at higher wind speeds
Minimal wildlife impact
Vs.
Spinning blades can be dangerous to wildlife
Major components at ground level
Vs.
Major components at top of tall mast.
Maintenance costs for a maglev wind power plant are approximately
1/8th of the cost associated with a standard HAWT. The bottom line is
that a maglev wind power plant has a better bottom line than a standard
wind farm. The Maglev technology is the future of wind energy, as it is
fully capable of fulfilling the promise that wind energy experts have
touted for generations. Download Data Sheet
We've seen a couple innovative wind power
solutions pop up, but none that claim to offer the benefits of maglev
wind turbines, which use full-permanent magnets to nearly eliminate
friction by "floating" the blades above the base. According to
developers, the technology is capable of scaling to massive sizes, with a
proposed $53M turbine able enough to replace 1000 traditional windmills
and power 750 thousand homes. Additional benefits include the ability
to generate power with winds as slow as three miles per hour,
operational costs some 50 percent cheaper than windmills, and an
estimated lifespan of 500 years. That all sounds great, but the real
proof will come when these things get put to use, which may happen
sooner than you'd think: Development is proceeding rapidly in both the
US and China, with Chinese power company Zhongke Hengyuan Energy
Technology currently building a $5M factory to produce the turbines in
capacities from 400 to 5,000 watts.
Aaron Ziv has been a writer and photojournalist for 10 years in Washington, D.C., and the Middle East. A student of political science and psychology from the University of Maryland, he also does technical and market analysis for a green technology company. His work has appeared in local newspapers, commissioned research and a patent or two. He began writing professionally in 1998.
